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April 25th, 2025
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McGill University
genomics
biorxiv

Genomics of freshwater adaptation in threespine stickleback from eastern Canada

Garcia-Elfring, A.Open in Google Scholar•Salamon, M.Open in Google Scholar•Paccard, A.Open in Google Scholar•Barrett, R. D. H.Open in Google Scholar

The threespine stickleback is an important species in the study of parallel evolution. However, the evidence for parallel evolution, and the genetic and phenotypic levels, has largely come from the west coast of North America and parts of southern Europe. Here, we use RAD-sequencing of pooled samples to study stickleback marine-freshwater differentiation in Atlantic Canada and test for evidence of parallel evolution. Our results show considerable heterogeneity in differentiation among populations, with some freshwater populations showing high degree of allele frequency divergence relative to marine ones. The strongest candidates were two SNPs near dopamine receptors (Drd24a and Drd2l). Gene ontology (GO) analysis of candidate genes shows dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity as one of the most enriched gene functions, along with nervous system development. Our study suggests a more complex evolutionary history of stickleback populations in the Atlantic than previously thought, suggesting multiple colonization events or ongoing gene flow. The genomic regions showing repeated differentiation suggest adaptation to freshwater through changes in behaviour.

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