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April 12th, 2025
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Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A and M University Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station
neuroscience
biorxiv

Extracellular Vesicles from hiPSC-derived NSCs Protect Human Neurons against Abeta-42 Oligomers Induced Neurodegeneration, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Tau Phosphorylation

Rao, S.Open in Google Scholar•Madhu, L. N.Open in Google Scholar•Babu, R. S.Open in Google Scholar•Shankar, G.Open in Google Scholar•Kotian, S.Open in Google Scholar•Nagarajan, A.Open in Google Scholar•Upadhya, R.Open in Google Scholar•Narvekar, E.Open in Google Scholar•Cai, J. J.Open in Google Scholar•Shetty, A. K.Open in Google Scholar

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta-42 in the brain, causing various adverse effects. Thus, therapies that reduce amyloid beta-42 toxicity in AD are of great interest. One promising approach is to use extracellular vesicles from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (hiPSC-NSC-EVs) because they carry multiple therapeutic miRNAs and proteins capable of protecting neurons against amyloid beta-42-induced toxicity. Therefore, this in vitro study investigated the proficiency of hiPSC-NSC-EVs to protect human neurons from amyloid beta-42 oligomers induced neurodegeneration. Methods: We isolated hiPSC-NSC-EVs using chromatographic methods and characterized their size, ultrastructure, expression of EV-specific markers and proficiency in getting incorporated into mature human neurons. Next, mature human neurons differentiated from two different hiPSC lines were exposed to 1 micro molar amyloid beta-42 oligomers alone or with varying concentrations of hiPSC-NSC-EVs. The protective effects of hiPSC-NSC-EVs against amyloid beta-42 oligomers-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and tau phosphorylation were ascertained using multiple measures and one-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons post hoc tests. Results: A significant neurodegeneration was observed when human neurons were exposed to amyloid beta-42 oligomers alone. Neurodegeneration was associated with 1) elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial superoxide, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PCs), 2) increased expression of proapoptotic Bax and Bad genes and proteins, and genes encoding mitochondrial complex proteins, 3) diminished mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondria, 4) reduced expression of the antiapoptotic gene and protein Bcl-2, and autophagy-related proteins, and 5) increased phosphorylation of tau. However, the addition of an optimal dose of hiPSC-NSC-EVs (6 billion EVs) to human neuronal cultures exposed to amyloid beta-42 oligomers significantly reduced the extent of neurodegeneration, along with diminished levels of ROS, superoxide, MDA and PCs, normalized expressions of Bax, Bad, and Bcl-2, and autophagy-related proteins, higher mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondria, enhanced expression of genes linked to mitochondrial complex proteins, and reduced tau phosphorylation. Conclusions: An optimal dose of hiPSC-NSC-EVs could significantly decrease the degeneration of human neurons induced by amyloid beta-42 oligomers. The results support further research into the effectiveness of hiPSC-NSC-EVs in AD, particularly their proficiency in preserving neurons and slowing disease progression.

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